Pop-up promotions experienced a remarkable surge in the late 1990s and early 2000s, initially offering a seemingly easy way for marketers to reach a vast audience. Driven by their instant visibility, these intrusive boxes became ubiquitous across the web , generating substantial earnings for publishers and vendors. However, user frustration rapidly

The pervasive nature of ad fraud poses a significant challenge to the digital advertising industry. This comparative analysis examines the diverse methods employed by fraudsters and unveils their effects on advertisers, publishers, and consumers. By contrasting various fraudulent practices across ad creatives challenges different platforms and geog